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SPORES single in the soil; brownish orange (6C8) to dark brown (9F5); globose to subglobose; (100-)160(-220) µm diam; sometimes ovoid; 110-130 x 150-160 µm; with one subtending hypha.
SUBCELLULAR STRUCTURE OF SPORES consists of one wall containing two layers (swl1 and 2).
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Layer 1 evanescent, hyaline to pale yellow (4A4), (0.8-)1.0(-2.5) µm thick; usually present as an intact or more or less deteriorated structure, depending on age of spores and the microbiological activity of the soil.
Layer 2 laminate, smooth, brownish orange (6C8) to dark brown (9F5), (7.5-)10.0(-12.0) µm thick.
Layers 1 and 2 do not stain in Melzer’s reagent.
Most juvenile spores with spore wall layer 1 only.
SUBTENDING HYPHA brownish orange (6C8) to dark brown (9F5); straight or curved; usually markedly constricted at the spore base, sometimes cylindrical, flared to funnel-shaped; (11.3-)17.5(-15.0) µm wide at the constriction near the spore base, (18.0-)22.0(-25.5) µm wide at its inflated part.
Wall of subtending hypha brownish orange (6C8) to dark brown (9F5); (5.0-)6.0(-7.5) µm thick at the spore base; composed of two layers (shwl1 and 2) continuous with spore wall layers 1 and 2.
Pore gradually thins with age due to thickening of the inner layer of its wall or/and closed by a curved septum continuous with the innermost laminae of the laminate spore wall layer 2.
GERMINATION. A germ tube emerges from the lumen of the subtending hypha.
MYCORRHIZAE. In one-species cultures with Plantago lanceolata L. as the plant host, mycorrhizae of Gl. constrictum consisted of arbuscules, vesicles, as well as intra- and extraradical hyphae staining intensively in 0.1% trypan blue.
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DISTRIBUTION. Glomus constrictum is one of the most frequently found arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in cultivated and uncultivated soils of Poland (Błaszkowski 1990, 1993a, b, 1994, 1995; Błaszkowski et al. 2002a, b; Tadych and Błaszkowski 2000a, b).
Glomus constrictum has been described from spores encountered in Mexico, California, and Guadeloupe (Trappe 1977). It has also frequently occurred in cultivated (Błaszkowski et al. 2001; Haas and Menge 1990; Hetrick and Bloom 1983) and uncultivated sites (Błaszkowski et al. 2001; Dalpé 1989; Koske 1987, 1988; Stürmer and Bellei 1994) of other regions of the world.
NOTES. Glomus constrictum is a species easy to recognize because of the distinctive colour of its spores.
REFERENCES
Błaszkowski J. 1990. Polish Endogonaceae 5. Glomus constrictum. Crypt. Bot. 1, 360-364.
Błaszkowski J. 1993a. The occurrence of arbuscular fungi and mycorrhizae (Glomales) in plant communities of maritime dunes and shores of Poland. Bull. Pol. Ac. Sci. Biol. Sci. 41, 377-392.
Błaszkowski J. 1993b. Comparative studies of the occurrence of arbuscular fungi and mycorrhizae (Glomales) in cultivated and uncultivated soils of Poland. Acta Mycol. 28, 93-140.
Błaszkowski J. 1994. Arbuscular fungi and mycorrhizae (Glomales) of the Hel Peninsula, Poland. Mycorrhiza 5, 71-88.
Błaszkowski J. 1995. Glomus corymbiforme, a new species in Glomales from Poland. Mycologia 87, 732-737.
Błaszkowski J., Tadych M., Madej T., Adamska I., Iwaniuk A. 2001. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomales, Zygomycota) of Israeli soils. Mat. II Polsko-Izraelskiej Konf. Nauk. nt. „Gospodarowanie zasobami wodnymi i nawadnianie roslin uprawnych”. Przeglad naukowy Wydz. Inz. Ksztalt. Srod. 22, 8-27.
Błaszkowski J., Adamska I., Czerniawska B. 2002a. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota) of the Vistula Bar. Acta Mycol. 37, 39-62.
Błaszkowski J., Tadych M., Madej T. 2002b. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomales, Zygomycota) of the Bledowska Desert, Poland. Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 71, 71-85.
Dalpé Y. 1989. Inventaire et repartition de la flore endomycorhizienne de dunes et de rivages maritimes du Québec, du Nouveau-Brunswick et de la Nouvelle-Ecosse. Naturaliste Can. (Rev. Ecol. Syst.) 116, 219-236.
Haas J. H., Menge J. A. 1990. VA-mycorrhizal fungi and soil characteristics in avocado (Persea americana Mill.) orchard soils. Plant and Soil 127, 207-212.
Hetrick B. A. D., Bloom J. 1983. Vesicular-arbuscular mycor- rhizal fungi associated with native tall grass prairie and cultivated winter wheat. Can. J. Bot. 61, 2140-2146.
Koske R. E. 1987. Distribution of VA mycorrhizal fungi along a latitudinal temperature gradient. Mycologia 79, 55-68.
Koske R. E. 1988. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of some Hawaiian dune plants. Pacific Sci. 42, 217-229.
Stürmer S. L., Bellei M. M. 1994. Composition and seasonal variation of spore populations of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in dune soils on the island of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Can. J. Bot. 72, 359-363.
Tadych M., Błaszkowski J. 2000a. Arbuscular fungi and mycorrhizae (Glomales) of the Slowinski National Park, Poland. Mycotaxon 74, 463-483.
Tadych M., Błaszkowski J. 2000b. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of the Brda river valley in the Tuchola Forests. Acta Mycol. 35, 3-23.
Trappe J. W. 1977. Three new Endogonaceae: Glomus constrictus, Sclerocystis clavispora, and Acaulospora scrobiculata. Mycotaxon 6, 359-366.
